Lesson 39 - To Change (ܫܵܟܼܠܸܦ) Past, Present, Future

VERB: TO CHANGE
ROOT: SHAKH-LIP (ܫܵܟܼܠܸܦ)
NOTE: Causative form of HLAP (Instead Of)
TENSE: PAST

I changed: mshookh-lip-lee

You (m) changed: mshookh-lip-lookh
You (f) changed: mshookh-lip-lakh

He changed: mshookh-lip-lih
She changed: mshookh-lip-lah

We changed: mshookh-lip-lan
Ye/Ya'll changed: mshookh-lip-lokhoon
They changed: mshookh-lip-lay

_________________________________
VERB: TO CHANGE
ROOT: SHAKH-LIP (ܫܵܟܼܠܸܦ)
NOTE: Causative form of HLAP (Instead Of)
TENSE: PRESENT

I change: kim-shakh-il-pin

You (m) change: kim-shakh-il-pit
You (f) change: kim-shakh-il-pat

He changes: kim-shakh-il-lih
She changes: kim-shakh-il-lah

We change: kim-shakh-il-lookh
Ye/Y'all change: kim-shakh-il-lootoon
They change: kim-shakh-il-ay
_________________________________
VERB: TO CHANGE
ROOT: SHAKH-LIP (ܫܵܟܼܠܸܦ)
NOTE: Causative form of HLAP (Instead Of)
TENSE: FUTURE

I will change: bid m-shakh-il-pin

You (m) will change: bid m-shakh-il-pit
You (f) will change: bid m-shakh-il-pat

He will change: bid m-shakh-il-lih
She will change: bid m-shakh-il-lah

We will change: bid m-shakh-il-lookh
Ye/Y'all will change: bid m-shakh-il-lootoon
They change: bid m-shakh-il-ay

Lesson 38 - How to say "Please" & "Thank You" in Surath

Taken from "A Dictionary of the Dialects of Vernacular Syriac as Spoken by the Eastern Syrians of Kurdistan, Northwest Persia, and the Plain of Moṣul" By Arthur John Maclean

Many people in our community believe that there is no way to say such pleasantries as "Please" or "Thank you" in Surath. I would like to challenge this commonly held belief, utilizing an entry in the aforementioned dictionary, as follows:

and

The moral of the story is... while there isn't an "exact" translation of "Please" or "Thank You", the phrases Basmalookh (if you please), Basma Gyanookh, Gyanookh Bassymta, Bassymootookh, and Hawe Bassymta all would be appropriate pleasantries that could be used.

...your thoughts?

Lesson 37 - To Fix/Repair ܡܨܲܠܘܿܚܸܐ (Past, Present, Future)

VERB: TO FIX/REPAIR
ROOT: ܡܨܲܠܘܿܚܸܐ
TENSE: PAST
INF: msalohe

Note: Both the "s" and the "h" are guttural. This verb is adopted from Arabic.

I fixed: msulih-ly

You (m) repaired: msulih-lookh
You (f) fixed: msulih-lakh

He repaired: msulih-lih

She repaired: msulih-lah

We repaired: msulih-lan
Ye/y'all fixed: msulih-lokhoon
They repaired: msulih-lay

________________________________________________

VERB: TO FIX/REPAIR
ROOT: ܡܨܲܠܘܿܚܸܐ
TENSE: PRESENT
INF: msalohe

I fix: ana ki-msalhin

You (m) repair: ayit ki-msalhit

You (f) fix: ayat ki-msalhat

He repairs: awo ki-msalih

She fixes: aya ki-msalah

We repair: akhny ki-msalhukh

Ye/y'all fix: akhton ki-msalhootoon

They repair: anay ki-msalhay

________________________________________________

VERB: TO FIX/REPAIR
ROOT: ܡܨܲܠܘܿܚܸܐ
TENSE: FUTURE
INF: msalohe

I will fix: ana bid msalih

You (m) will repair: ayit bid msalhit

You (f) will fix: ayat bid msalhat

He will repair: awo bid msalih

She will fixes: aya bid msalah

We will repair: akhny bid msalhukh

Ye/y'all will fix: akhton bid msalhootoon

They will repair: anay bid msalhay

Lesson 36 - To hurt ܡܪ (Past, Present, Progressive, Future)

VERB: TO HURT
ROOT: MR (ܡܪ)
TENSE: PAST
INF:

I hurt: mre-ly

You (m) hurt : mre-lookh
You (f) hurt: more-lakh

It/He hurt: mre-lih
It/She hurt: mre-lah

We hurt: more-lan
Ye/Y'all hurt: mre-lokhoon
They hurt: mre-lay

_________________________________
VERB: TO HURT
ROOT: MR (ܡܪ)
TENSE: PRESENT
INF:

I hurt: k-marin

You (m) hurt : k-marit
You (f) hurt: k-marat

He hurt: k-mari
She hurt: k-mara

We hurt: k-marookh
Ye/Y'all hurt: k-marootoon
They hurt: k-mary

_________________________________
VERB: TO HURT
ROOT: MR (ܡܪ)
TENSE: PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
INF:

I am hurting/I am in pain: Eewin bimra-a

You (m) are hurting : Eewit bimra-a
You (f) are in pain: Eewat bimra-a

He is hurting: Eelih bimra-a
She is in pain: Eelah bimra-a

We are hurting: Eewookh bimra-a
Ye/Y'all are in pain: Eewotoon bimra-a
They are hurting: Eelay bimra-a

_________________________________
VERB: TO HURT
ROOT: MR (ܡܪ)
TENSE: FUTURE
INF:

I will hurt: b-marin

You (m) will hurt : b-marit
You (f) will hurt: b-marat

He will hurt: b-mari
She will hurt: b-mara

We will hurt: b-marookh
Ye/Y'all will hurt: b-marootoon
They will hurt: b-mary

Lesson 34 - To Wait ܣܦܪ (Past, Present, Imperfect, and Future)

"The waiting is the hardest part..."

- Tom Petty & The HeartBreakers

VERB: TO WAIT
ROOT: SPR (ܣܦܪ)
TENSE: PAST
INF: SPARA

I waited: Sper-y

You (m) waited: sper-ookh
You (f) waited: sper-akh

He waited: sper-ih
She waited: sper-ah

We waited: sper-an
Ye/Y'all waited: sper-okhoon
They waited: sper-ay

____________________________________
VERB: TO WAIT
ROOT: SPR (ܣܦܪ)
TENSE: PRESENT
INF: SPARA

I wait: k-sap-rin

You (m) wait: k-sap-rit
You (f) wait: k-sap-rat

He/She waits: k-sap-ir

We wait: k-sap-rookh
Ye/Y'all wait: k-sap-rootoon
They wait: k-sap-ry


____________________________________
VERB: TO WAIT
ROOT: SPR (ܣܦܪ)
TENSE: IMPERFECT
INF: SPARA

Note: The imperfect tense in this case is the present tense with the -wa suffix added, as follows:

I used to wait: k-sap-rin-wa
I had been waiting: k-sap-rin-wa

You (m) used to wait: k-sap-rit-wa
You (f) had been waiting: k-sap-rat-wa

He/She used to wait: k-sap-ir-wa

We has been waiting: k-sap-rookh-wa
Ye/Y'all used to wait: k-sap-rootoon-wa
They had been waiting: k-sap-ry-wa


____________________________________
VERB: TO WAIT
ROOT: SPR (ܣܦܪ)
TENSE: FUTURE
INF: SPARA

Note: The future tense in this case is the present tense with the k- prefix removed, and with a bid- prefix added, as follows:

I will wait: bid-sap-rin

You (m) will wait: bid-sap-rit
You (f) will wait: bid-sap-rat

He/She will wait: bid-sap-ir

We will wait: bid-sap-rookh
Ye/Y'all will wait: bid-sap-rootoon
They will wait: bid-sap-ry

________________________________________

Example Sentences:

I waited all day for this!

Sper-y kulleh yoma ta adhy!

Sper-y: I waited
Kulleh yoma: all day
ta adhy: for this

I waited 3 hours for her yesterday...

Sper-y tillath sheyatha Talah timmal...

Tillath sheyatha: three (feminine tense) hours
Ta-lah: for her
Timmal: yesterday

I wait, yet nothing happens.

k-saprin, w-chu-mindy la-kba-re.

chu mindy: nothing
la-kba-re: happens

I will wait until you change your mind.

bid-saprin will dim-shakh-il-pit balookh.

will: until
dim-skakh-il-pit: you change
balookh: your mind

Lesson 33 - To Put ܕܪܵܝܲܐ (Past, Present, Future)

VERB: TO PUT
ROOT: draya (ܕܪܵܝܲܐ)
TENSE: PAST

I put: dre-ly

You (m) put: dre-lookh
You (f) put: dre-lakh

He put: dre-lih
She put: dre-lah

We put: dre-lan
Ye/Y'all put: dre-lokhoon
They put: dre-lay

___________________________
VERB: TO PUT
ROOT: draya (ܕܪܵܝܲܐ)
TENSE: PRESENT

I put: k-darin

You (m) put: k-darit
You (f) put: k-daryat

He puts: k-dari
She puts: k-darya

We put: k-darookh
Ye/Y'all put: k-darotun
They put: k-daray

___________________________
VERB: TO PUT
ROOT: draya (ܕܪܵܝܲܐ)
TENSE: FUTURE

I will put: b-darin

You (m) will put: b-darit
You (f) will put: b-daryat

He will put: b-dari
She will put: b-darya

We will put: b-darookh
Ye/Y'all will put: b-darotun
They will put: b-daray

Lesson 32 - To Fear ܙܕܵܥܲܐ (Past, Present, Future)

VERB: TO FEAR
ROOT: zda-aa (ܙܕܵܥܲܐ)
TENSE: PAST

I feared: zde-ly

You (m) feared: zde-lookh
You (f) feared: zde-lakh

He feared: zde-lih
She feared: zde-lah

We feared: zde-lan
Ye (you all) feared: zde-lokhoon
They feared: zde-lay

__________________________________

VERB: TO FEAR
ROOT: zda-aa (ܙܕܵܥܲܐ)
TENSE: PRESENT

I fear: k-zadin

You (f) fear: k-zadat
You (m) fear: k-zadit

She fears: k-zada
He fears: k-zade

We fear: k-zadookh
Ye fear: k-zadootoon
They fear: k-zaday

_______________________________

VERB: TO FEAR
ROOT: zda-aa (ܙܕܵܥܲܐ)
TENSE: FUTURE

Note: This tense is conjugated identically to the present tense, with the prefix k- being replaced with a b-

I will fear: b-zadin

You (f) will fear: b-zadat
You (m) will fear: b-zadit

She will fear: b-zada
He will fear: b-zade

We will fear: b-zadookh
Ye/Y'all will fear: b-zadootoon
They will fear: b-zaday

Lesson 31 - Back to basics...ܗܘܐ (To be ... born, to have, etc.)

"To be, or not to be: that is the question:
Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer
The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,
Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,
And by opposing end them? To die: to sleep;
No more; and by a sleep to say we end
The heart-ache and the thousand natural shocks
That flesh is heir to, 'tis a consummation
Devoutly to be wish'd. To die, to sleep;
To sleep: perchance to dream: ay, there's the rub;
For in that sleep of death what dreams may come....."

    - William Shakespeare

In today's Lesson, we are going to cover verbs that
have already been taught in Lessons 1, 2, 8, and 21,
respectively.  We are also going to cover a new way
of expressing these verbs using a different root.

We will begin by reviewing the verb "to be", conjugated
in the past tense:
VERB: TO BE
ROOT:  hwa (ܗܘܐ)
TENSE: PAST

I (masc.) was: āna win-wa
I (fem) was: āna wan-wa

You (m) were: āyit wit-wa
You (f) were: āyat wet-wa

He was: āwo wae-wa
She was: āya wa-wa (yen) āyee wa-wa

We were: akhny wookh-wa
Ye were: akhto(n) wot-wa (yen) wotoon-wa
They were: anay/anee wa-wae
________________________________________
There is a different root of "to be" in the old
language, the root of which is hwa(ܗܘܐ).  In the
past tense, this verb also means "to be born".
There is, therefore, a rare but still existing
other conjugation of "to be" that goes thus:

VERB: TO BE, TO BE BORN
ROOT:  hwa (ܗܘܐ)
TENSE: PAST

I (masc.) was (born): āna hwe-ly
I (fem) was (born): āna hwe-ly

You (m) were (born): āyit hwe-lookh
You (f) were (born): āyat hwe-lakh

He was (born): āwo hwe-lih
She was (born): āya hwe-lah

We were (born): akhny hwe-lan
Ye were (born): akhto(n) hwe-lokhoon
They were (born): anay hwe-lay
______________________________________

Now we will reviewing the verb "to be", conjugated
in the present tense:
VERB: TO BE
ROOT:  hwa (ܗܘܐ)
TENSE: PRESENT

I (masc.) am: āna ee-win
I (fem) am: āna ee-wan

You (m) are: āyit ee-wit
You (f) are: āyat ee-wat

He is: āwo ee-lih
She is: āya ee-lah (yen) āyee ee-lah

We are: akhny ee-wookh
Ye are: akhto(n) ee-wotoon
They are: anay/anee ee-lay
Again, here is the less-often-used alternative
conjugation of "to be":

VERB: TO BE
ROOT:  hwa (ܗܘܐ)
TENSE: PRESENT

I (masc.) am: āna k-hawin
I (fem) am: āna k-hawin

You (m) are: āyit k-hawit
You (f) are: āyat k-hawat

He is: āwo k-hawih
She is: āya k-hawah

We are: akhny k-haw-ookh
Ye are: akhto(n) k-haw-wotoon
They are: anay/anee k-haway 
It is important to note that the future form is
much more commonly used.  Next you will find the
standard and alternative future conjugations of
"to be":

VERB: TO BE
ROOT:  hwa (ܗܘܐ)
TENSE :  FUTURE

I (m) will be - āna zee-win
I (f) will be - āna zee-wan

You (m) will be - āyit zee-wit
You (f) will be - āyat zee-wat

He will be - āwo zee-lih
She will be - āya/āyee zee-lah

We will be - akhny zee-wookh
Ye/Yall will be - akhtu(n) zee-wotu(n)
They will be - anay/anee zee-lay
______________________________________

VERB: TO BE
ROOT:  hwa (ܗܘܐ)
TENSE :  FUTURE

I (m) will be - āna b-hawin (yen) ze hawin

You (m) will be - āyit ze hawit (yen) b-hawit
You (f) will be - āyat ze hawat (yen) b-hawat

He will be - āwo b-hawih (yen) ze hawih
She will be - āya/āyee b-hawah (yen) ze hawah

We will be - akhny ze hawookh (yen) b-hawookh
Ye/Yall will be - akhtu(n) ze hawotu(n) (yen) b-hawotu(n)
They will be - anay/anee b-haway (yen) ze haway
_________________________________________________________

Just when you thought we were done... now we
are going to remind you about the verb "to have",
conjugated in the future tense:

VERB: TO HAVE
ROOT: eeth (ܐܝܼܬܼ)
TENSE: FUTURE

I will have:  b-hawe-ly

You (m) will have:  b-hawe-lookh
You (f) will have:  b-hawe-lakh

He will have:  b-hawe-lih
She will have:  b-hawe-lah

We will have:  b-hawe-lan
Ye/Y'all will have:  b-hawe-lokhoon
They will have:  b-hawe-lay
________________________________________
As you can see, the verb hwa is multifaceted and shows
up in place of various verbs during various conjugations
(past, present, future), but most commonly in the future
tense.

An example sentence:
   I will be working:  b-hawin bi-plakha
b-hawin - I will be
bi-plakha - The infinitive of "to work" (note: this is also
   identical to the progressive tense in this case)

(A special thanks, again, to Fr. Andy Younan for his
ever-present assistance with this lesson and with the
entire project)

Lesson 30 (I am sick and tired!!!)...plus some sentences

Lesson 30: Sample Sentences

Eewin jih-ya: I am tired
eewin: I am
jih-ya: tired

Eewin kry-ha: I am sick
eewin: I am
kry-ha: tired

Note: The obvious next sentence is of course...

Eewin jih-ya wih kry-ha: I am sick and tired
(All words translated above)

It-ly/it-tee mara b-aq-ly: I have a pain in my foot
it-tee/it-ly: I have
mara: pain
b: in
aq-ly: my foot (a contraction of the words 'aqla dee-yee')

K-'ajib-ly 'wādha d-eekhāla: I enjoy to prepare food
K-'ajib-ly: I enjoy
'wādha: to prepare
eekhāla: food

Eelip-ly rkhāsha kud win-wa til-lath shinni: I learned to walk when I was 3 (years old)
eelip-ly: I learned
rkhāsha: to walk
kud win-wa: when I was
til-lath: three
shinni: years

k-khash-win lāzim d-ra'shookh l-umthan d-eelih bi-myātha: I think that we need to become aware of our dying culture
k-khash-win: I think
lāzim: need
d-ra'shookh: we become aware
l-umthan: our culture/nation
d-eelih bi-myātha: is dying

kibin d-yādhin tad maH-kin surath randa: I want to know how to speak surath very well
kibin: I want
d-yādhin: to know
tad maH-kin: how to speak
randa: well

eewin beelApa qraya d-surath: I am learning to read surath
eewin: I am
beelApa: learning (progressive tense)
qraya: to read
d-surath: Surath

bid yalpin dikh d-kathwy surath: I will learn how to write surath:
bid yalpin: I will learn
dikh: how
d-kathwy: they write
surath: surath
(literally "I will learn how they write Surath.")

eelip-ly maHkoye surath kud win-wa yala zora: I learned how to speak surath when I was a child
eelip-ly: I learned
maHkoye: to speak
surath: Surath
kud: when
win-wa; I was
yala zora: a small child

Lesson 29 - The Causative (i.e. "Moo-" prefix)

In Surath, the "moo" prefix creates a new type of conjugation, which grammarians call the Causative.

A causative form, in linguistics, is an expression of an agent causing or forcing a patient to perform an action (or to be in a certain condition).

All languages have ways to express causation, but they differ in the means. In some languages there are morphological devices (such as inflection) that change verbs into their causative forms, or adjectives into verbs of "becoming". Other languages employ periphrasis, with idiomatic expressions or auxiliary verbs. All languages also have lexical causative forms (such as English rise → raise).

This exists in most semitic languages, and it means what the name implies: in the causative conjugation, the subject is causing the object to do the verb, as opposed to the normal conjugation, in which he is doing the verb himself.

Examples:

The-ly = I came
Mu-the-ly = I brought (i.e., I made something come)

'riq-ly = I ran
mu-'riq-ly = I chased away (i.e., I made something/someone run)

pthil-lih = he turned
mu-pthil-lih = he rotated (i.e., he made something turn)

qim-ly = I stood
mu-qim-ly = I made someone stand/held something up

npil-ly = I fell
mu-npil-ly = I made someone fall

hte-ly = I sinned
mu-hte-ly = I made someone sin

shqil-ly = I took
mu-shqil-ly = I gave/made someone take

siq-ly = I went up
mu-siq-ly = I took something up/lifted something

dmikh-ly = I slept
mu-dmikh-ly = I made someone sleep (by over-explaining the Causative, etc.)

Theoretically, this could work with any verb, though in many cases the resulting concept would be odd so it doesn't really exist.

(A special thank you to Fr. Andy Younan for this explanation!)

Lesson 28 - An adverb (Gae-b...) to/within./into/etc

A very commonly used Adverb in surath is Gae-b...

As you may or may not know, an adverb is

"The part of speech that modifies a verb, adjective, or other adverb."

This adverb
geb = to or toward (In the old language, "gabba" = "side")

geb-ee or l-geb-ee = to me (to my side)
geb-ookh or l-geb-ookh = to you (to your side)

It also could potentially mean any of the following:

· Within
· Into
· By means of
· With

E X A M P L E S

Come to me: Hay-yoo gae-bee (yen) Hay-yoo l-gae-bee
Hayoo = Come (to me), conjugated in the imperative tense
L-Gae-bee = To me

I went to you: Zil-ly gae-bookh (yen) Zil-ly l-gae-bookh
Zil-ly = I went, conjugated in the past tense
L-Gae-bookh = To you

I went into his eye (idiom for "I got revenge") = 'wer-y bgawid eyneh
'wer-y: I went
bgawid: into
eyneh: his eye

I drove in a car/ I drove by means of a car - siqly bgawid siyyara (trombel)
siqly: I drove
bgawid: in (or, by means of)
siyyara (yen trombel): a car

Talk in your room = maḥ-ky bgawid qubbukh
maḥ-ky: Talk
bgawid: in
qubbukh: your room

He came to me (idiomatically: "he came to my house") = Theli l-gaeb-ee
the-li = He came
l-gaeb-ee = To me

Lesson 27 - To Bring ܬܼܲܝܠܝܼ (Past Tense)

VERB: TO BRING
TENSE: PAST
ROOT: theh-ly (ܬܼܲܝܠܝܼ)

I brought: moo-thae-ly

You (m) brought: moo-thae-lookh
You (f) brought: moo-thae-lakh

He brought: moo-thae-lih
She brought: moo-thae-lah

We brought: moo-thae-lan
Ye/Y'all brought: moo-thae-lokhoon
They brought: moo-thae-lay

Lesson 26 - To Work ܒܸܦܠܲܟܼܐ (Past, Present, Progressive, Future)

VERB: TO WORK 
TENSE: PAST 
ROOT: bi-plakha (ܒܸܦܠܵܟܼܲܐ)

INFINITIVE: 

[Singular]
I worked: āna plikh-ly


You (m) worked: āyit plikh-lookh
You (f) worked: āyat plikh-lakh

He worked: āwo plikh-lih
She worked: āya/āyee plikh-lah


[Plural]
We worked: plikh-lan
Ye/Y'all worked: plikh-lokhoon
They worked: plikh-lay
 

________________________________
VERB: TO WORK 
TENSE: PRESENT 
ROOT: bi-plakha (ܒܸܦܠܵܟܼܲܐ) 
INFINITIVE:  

[Singular]
I (m) work: āna k-pal-khinI (f) work: āna k-pal-khan

You (m) work: āyit  k-pal-khit
You (f) work: āyat k-pal-khat

He works: āwo k-pal-ikh
She works: āya/āyee k-pal-khah
 
[Plural]
We work: akhnee k-pal-khookh
Ye work: akhto(n) k-pal-khootoon
They work: anay k-pal-khee

Sample Sentence: "Do you want me to work tomorrow?" "Kibit-ee d-pal-khin Sapra?"
kibit: You Want
-ee: Pronominal Suffix "me"
-d: "to/of"
-palkhin: Present tense of the 1st person conjugation "to work" minus the "k"
-Sapra: tomorrow

Note: Some people use Sapra to mean "morning", while others use it for "tomorrow'. This is identical to/the usage of "mañana" in Spanish, which means both "tomorrow" and "morning", depending on the situation.









________________________________ 
VERB: TO WORK
TENSE: PROGRESSIVE (PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE)
ROOT: bi-plakha (ܒܸܦܠܵܟܼܲܐ)
INFINITIVE:  

[Singular]
 I was working: āna win-wa bi-plakha [Past]

You (m) are working: āyit eewit bi-plakha [Present]
You (f) will be working: āyit zee-wit bi-plakha [Future]

He was working: āwo wae-wa bi-plakha [Past]
She is working: āy-ee/āya ee-lah bi-plakha [Present]

[Plural]
We will be working: akhny zee-wookh bi-plakha [Future]
Ye/Y'all were working: akhto(n) wot-wa (yen) wotoon-wa bi-plakha [Past]
They are working: anay/anee ee-lay bi-plakha [Present]

Note: The progressive tense is formed by taking a conjugation of "to be" in any tense (Past, Present, Future) and inserting the infinitive after it. This is identical to the same grammatical pattern in English or Español.

 ________________________________
VERB: TO WORK
TENSE: FUTURE
ROOT: bi-plakha (ܒܸܦܠܵܟܼܲܐ)
INFINITIVE:  

[Singular]
 I (m) will work: zeen pal-khin
I (f) will work: bid pal-khan

You (m) will work: zeet pal-khit
You (f) will work: bid pal-khat

He will work: zeelih/bid pal-ikh
She will work: bid/zeelah pal-kha

[Plural]
 We will work: zeewukh pal-khookh (yen) bid pal-khookh
Ye/Y'all will work: zeelotun pal-khootoon (yen) bid pal-khootoon
They will work: zeelay pal-khee (yen) bid pal-khee

Lesson 25 - To Walk ܪܟܼܵܫܵܐ (Past, Present, Progressive, Future)

VERB: TO WALK
TENSE: PAST
ROOT: Rkhasha (ܪܟܼܵܫܵܐ)

I walked: rkhish-ly

You (m) walked: rkhish-lookh
You (f) walked: rkhish-lakh

He walked: rkhish-lih
She walked: rkhish-lah

We walked: rkhish-lan
Ye/Y'all walked: rkhish-lokhoon
They walked: rkhish-lay

___________________________
VERB: TO WALK
TENSE: PRESENT
ROOT: Rkhasha (ܪܟܼܵܫܵܐ)

I (m) walk: k-rakh-shin
I (f) walk: k-rakh-shan

You (m) walk: k-rakh-shit
You (f) walk: k-rakh-shat

He walks: k-rakh-ish
She walks: k-rakh-sha

We walk: k-rakh-shookh
Ye/Y'all walk: k-rakh-shootoon
They walk: k-rakh-shee
___________________________
VERB: TO WALK
TENSE: PROGRESSIVE
ROOT: Rkhasha (ܪܟܼܵܫܵܐ)

I am walking: eewin bi-rkhā-sha (yen) bi-rkhā-sha-ywin

You (m) are walking: eewit bi-rkhā-sha (yen) bi-rkhā-sha-ywit
You (f) are walking: eewat bi-rkhā-sha (yen) bi-rkhā-sha-ywat

He is walking: eelih bi-rkhā-sha (yen) bi-rkhā-sha-ylih
She is walking: eelah bi-rkhā-sha (yen) bi-rkhā-sha-ylah

We are walking: eewookh bi-rkhā-sha (yen) bi-rkhā-sha-ywukh
Ye/Y'all are walking: eewotoon bi-rkhā-sha (or) bi-rkhā-sha-ywotun
They are walking: eelay bi-rkhā-sha (or) bi-rkhā-sha-ylay
___________________________
VERB: TO WALK
TENSE: FUTURE
ROOT: Rkhasha (ܪܟܼܵܫܵܐ)

I will walk: zeelin rakh-shin (yen) ze/zeen rakh-shin
I will walk: b rakh-shin (yen) bid rakh-shin

You (m) will walk: zeelit/zeet rakh-shit (yen) bid/b rakh-shit
You (f) will walk: zeet/zeelat rakh-shat (yen) b/bid rakh-shat

He will walk: zeelih/ze rakh-ish (yen) bid/b rakh-sheh
She will walk: ze/zeelih rakh-sha (yen) b/bid rakh-sha

We will walk: zeewookh/zeekh rakh-shookh (yen) bid/b rakh-shookh
Ye/Y'all will walk: zeewotoon rakhshootoon (yen) b/bid rakh-shootoon
They will walk: zeelay rakh-shee (yen) bid/b rakh-shee

Lesson 24: To Learn ܝܠܦ (Past, Present, Progressive, Future)

VERB: TO LEARN
TENSE: PAST
ROOT: ylp (ܝܠܦ)

I learned: eelip-lee

You (m) learned: eelip-lookh
You (f) learned: eelip-lakh

He learned: eelip-lih
She learned: eelip-lah

We learned: eelip-lan
Ye/Y'all learned: eelip-lokhoon
They learned: eelip-lay

Example:
I learned how to cook/prepare meat pies: āna eelip-lee dikh mbashlin takhrathi
(ܐܵܢܲܐ ܐܝܼܠܸܦܠܝܼ ܕܸܝܟܼ ܡܒܲܫܠܸܿܢ ܬܲܟܼܪܵܬܼܸܐ)
___________________________
VERB: TO LEARN
TENSE: PRESENT
ROOT: ylp (ܝܠܦ)

I learn: k-yalpin

You (m) learn: k-yalpit
You (f) learn: k-yalpat

He learns: k-yalip
She learns: k-yalpa

We learn: k-yalpookh
Ye/Y'all learn: k-yalpootoon
They learn: k-yalpee
___________________________
VERB: TO LEARN
TENSE: PROGRESSIVE
ROOT: ylp (ܝܠܦ)

I am learning: eewin b'elāpa

You (m) are learning: eewit b'elāpa
You (f) are learning: ewat b'elāpa

He is learning: eelih b'elāpa
She is learning: eelah b'elāpa

We are learning: eewookh b'elāpa
Ye/Y'all are learning: eewotoon b'elāpa
They are learning: eelay b'elāpa

Example:
You (f) are learning Surath: āyat ewat b'elāpa Surath
(ܐܵܝܲܬ ܐܝܼܘܲܬ ܒܝܼܠܵܦܲܐ ܣܘܼܪܲܬܼ)

___________________________
VERB: TO LEARN
TENSE: FUTURE
ROOT: ylp (ܝܠܦ)

Note: There are four prefixes which generally denote a future tense, which are:
b-(verb, conjugated in the future tense)
bid-(verb, conjugated in the future tense)
ze-(verb, conjugated in the future tense)
zeen-(verb, conjugated in the future tense)

I will learn: āna bid yalpin (yen) āna b'yalpin
I will learn: āna ze yalpin (yen) āna zeen yalpin

You (m) will learn: āyit b'yalpit (yen) āyit ze yalpit
You (f) will learn: āyat bid yalpat (yen) āyat zeen yalpat

He will learn: āwo bid yalip (yen) āwo zeen yalip
She will learn: āya b'yalpa (yen) āya ze yalpa

We will learn: akhny b'yalpookh (yen) akhny bid yalpookh
Ye/Y'all will learn: akhto ze yalpootoon (yen) akhtoon zeen yalpootoon
They will learn: anay b/bid yalpee (yen) anay ze/zeen yalpee

Lesson 23 - To Show To ܚܙܲܐ (Past), and a new verb pattern is revealed

VERB: To Show To
TENSE: Past
ROOT: hza (ܚܙܲܐ)

I showed x to y: moo-khze-ly x ta y

You (m) showed x to y: moo-khze-lookh x ta y
You (f) showed x to y: moo-khze-lakh x ta y

He showed x to y: moo-khze-lih x ta y
She showed x to y: moo-khze-lah x ta y

We showed x to y: moo-khze-lan x ta y
Ye/Y'all showed x to y: moo-khze-lokhoon x ta y
They showed x to y: moo-khze-lay x ta y

Note: You may have noticed that the verb for "To Show To" is the exact same verb for "To See", with the 'moo-' prefix.

This is how it works:
Adding "moo" to the beginning of the verb makes it into a different type of conjugation called, by Syriac grammatists, the "aph-el" conjugation. Applying it to
Chaldean, you would call it the "map-el," because of the initial "m."

This conjugation, whatever you call it, indicates the Causative: to make something else do what the basic verb means.

So, for example:

theh-ly = I came ; moo-theh-ly = I brought
(that is, "I made x come")

That means you can derive the entire conjugation for "bring" from the conjugation for "come" by adding "moo" to the beginning. The same goes for "to lose:", which is derived from the conjugation for the verb "to get lost".

All semitic languages have some form of this - from Akkadian to Arabic to Hebrew.

Some more examples:

d'er-ee = I came back
moo-d'er-ee x = I returned x

khze-ly = I saw
moo-khze-ly x ta y = I showed x to y

'we-ry = I entered
me-'we-ry = I inserted

plikh-ly = I worked
moo-plikh-ly x = I made x work

pshe-rih = it melted
moo-pshe-rih x = he melted x

It can probably work for any verb that is potentially transitive.

Lesson 22 - To Hear ܫܡ (Past, Present, Progressive, Future)

VERB NAME: TO HEAR
VERB ROOT: shm' (ܫܡ)
VERB TENSE: PAST

I heard: shme-ly

You (m) heard: shme-lookh
You (f) heard: shme-lakh

He heard: shme-lih
She heard: shme-lah

We heard: shme-lan
Ye/Y'all heard: shme-lokhoon
They heard: shme-lay

______________________________
VERB NAME: TO HEAR
VERB ROOT: shm' (ܫܡ)
VERB TENSE: PRESENT

I hear: k-shāmin

You (m) hear: k-shāmit
You (f) hear: k-shāmat

He hears: k-shāmeh
She hears: k-shām-aa

We hear: k-shāmookh
Ye hear: k-shāmootoon
They hear: k-shām-ee
______________________________
VERB NAME: TO HEAR
VERB ROOT: shm' (ܫܡ)
VERB TENSE: PROGRESSIVE

I am hearing: eewin bee-shmā-a (yen) bishma-ay-win

You (m) are hearing: eewit bee-shmā-a (yen) bishma-ay-wit
You (f) are hearing: eewat bee-shmā-a (yen) bishma-ay-wat

He is hearing: eelih bee-shmā-a (yen) bishma-ay-lih
She is hearing: eelah bee-shmā-a (yen) bishma-ay-lah

We are hearing: eewookh bee-shmā-a (yen) bishma-ay-wookh
Ye/Y'all are hearing: eewotoon bee-shmā-a (yen) bishma-ay-wotoon
They are hearing: eelay be-shmā-a (yen) bishma-ay-lay

______________________________
VERB NAME: TO HEAR
VERB ROOT: shm' (ܫܡ)
VERB TENSE: FUTURE

I will hear: zeelin shām-in (yen) zeen shām-in
I will hear: bid shām-in (yen) b-shām-in

You (m) will hear: zeelit shām-it (yen) zeet shām-it (yen) b/bid shām-it
You (f) will hear: zeelat shām-at (yen) b/bid shām-at

He will hear: zeelih shām-eh (yen) b/bid shām-eh
She will hear: zeelah shām-ah (yen) b/bid shām-ah

We will hear: zeewookh shām-ookh (yen) zeekh shām-ookh (yen) bid shām-ookh
Ye/Y'all will hear: zeewotoon shām-ootoon (yen) bid shām-ootoon
They will hear: zeelay shām-ee (yen) b-shām-ee (yen) bid shām-ee

Lesson 21 - To See ܚܙܲܐ (Past, Present, Progressive, Future), To Have ܐܝܼܬܼ (Future)

VERB: TO SEE
ROOT: hza (ܚܙܲܐ)
TENSE: PAST

I saw: khze-ly

You (m) saw: khze-lukh
You (f) saw: khze-lakh

He saw: khze-lih
She saw: khze-lah

We saw: khze-lan
Ye/Y'all saw: khze-lokhoon
They saw: khze-lay

_______________________________
VERB: TO SEE
ROOT: hza (ܚܙܲܐ)
TENSE: PRESENT

I see: k-khāzin

You (m) see: k-khāzit
You (f) see: k-khazyat

He sees: k-khāzeh
She sees: k-khāzya

We see: k-khāzookh
Ye/Y'all see: k-khāzotoon (yen) k-khāzootoon
They see: k-khāzay

_______________________________
VERB: TO SEE
ROOT: hza (ܚܙܲܐ)
TENSE: PROGRESSIVE

I am seeing: eewin bi-khzāya (yen) bi-khzāya-ywin

You (m) are seeing: eewit bi-khzāya (yen) bi-khzāya-ywit
You (f) are seeing: eewat bi-khzāya (yen) bi-khzāya-ywat

He is seeing: eelih bi-khzāya (yen) bi-khzāya-ylih
She is seeing: eelah bi-khzāya (yen) bi-khzāya-ylah

We are seeing: eewookh bi-khzāya (yen) bi-khzāya-ywookh
Ye/Y'all are seeing: eewotoon bi-khzāya (yen) bi-khzāya-ywotoon
They are seeing: eelay bi-khzāya (yen) bi-khzāya-ylay

_______________________________
VERB: TO SEE
ROOT: hza (ܚܙܲܐ)
TENSE: FUTURE

I will see: b-khāzin (yen) b-khāzin
I will see: ze khāzin (yen) zeelin khāzin

You (m) will see: b/bid-khāzit (yen) ze/zeelit khāzit
You (f) will see: b/bid-khāzyat (yen) ze/zeelat khāzyat

He will see: b/bid-khāzeh (yen) ze/zeelih khāzeh
She will see: b/bid-khāzyah (yen) ze/zeelah khāzya

We will see: b/bid-khāzukh (yen) ze/zeelookh khāzookh
Ye/Y'all will see: b-khāzotoon (yen) bid-khāzootoon
Ye/Y'all will see: ze khāzotoon (yen) zeelotoon khāzootoon
They will see: b/bid-khāzay (yen khzāa or khāzee) (yen) ze/zeelay khāzay (yen khzāa or khāzee)

Example: "We will see you (singular) later" b-khazukh-lukh

__________________________
VERB: TO HAVE
ROOT: eeth (ܐܝܼܬܼ)
TENSE: FUTURE

I will have: b-hawe-ly

You (m) will have: b-hawe-lookh
You (f) will have: b-hawe-lakh

He will have: b-hawe-lih
She will have: b-hawe-lah

We will have: b-hawe-lan
Ye/Y'all will have: b-hawe-lokhoon
They will have: b-hawe-lay

_____________________________

Lesson 20 - To Cook/Prepare ܒܫܲܠ (Past, Present, Progressive, and Future)

VERB: TO COOK/PREPARE
ROOT: bshal (ܒܫܲܠ)
TENSE: PAST/PRETERITE

I cooked: mbooshil-ly

You (m) cooked: mbooshil-lookh
You (f) cooked: mbooshil-lakh

He cooked: mbooshil-lih
She cooked: mbooshil-lah

We cooked: mbooshil-lan
Ye/Y'all cooked: mbooshil-lokhoon
They cooked: mbooshil-lay

_______________________________
VERB: TO COOK/PREPARE
ROOT: bshal (ܒܫܲܠ)
TENSE: PRESENT

I cook: ki-mbash-lin

You (m) cook: ki-mbash-lit
You (f) cook: ki-mbash-lat

He cooks: ki-mbash-il
She cooks: ki-mbash-la

We cook: ki-mbash-lookh
Ye/Y'all cook: ki-mbash-lootoon
They cook: ki-mbash-lee

_______________________________
VERB: TO COOK/PREPARE
ROOT: bshal (ܒܫܲܠ)
TENSE: (PRESENT) PROGRESSIVE

I am cooking: eewin m-basho-le (yen) m-basho-ley-win

You (m) are cooking: eewit m-basho-le (yen) m-basho-ley-wit
You (f) are cooking: eewat m-basho-le (yen) m-basho-ley-wat

He is cooking: eelih m-basho-le (yen) m-basho-ley-lih
She is cooking: eelah m-basho-le (yen) m-basho-ley-lah

We are cooking: eewookh m-basho-le (yen) m-basho-ley-wookh
Ye/Y'all are cooking: eewotoon m-basho-le (yen) m-basho-ley-wotoon
They are cooking: eelay m-basho-le (yen) m-basho-le-y-ley


_______________________________
VERB: TO COOK/PREPARE
ROOT: bshal (ܒܫܲܠ)
TENSE: FUTURE

I will cook: zeewin m-bash-lin (yen) ze/zeen m-bash-lin
I will cook: b/bid m-bash-lin

You (m) will cook: zeewit m-bash-lit (yen) ze/zeen m-bash-lit
You (f) will cook: b/bid m-bash-lat

He will cook: zeelih m-bash-il (yen) ze/zeen m-bash-il
She will cook: b/bid m-bash-la

We will cook: zeewookh m-bash-lukh (yen) bid m-bash-lukh
Ye/Y'all will cook: zee-lotoon m-bash-lootoon (yen) bid m-bash-loootoon
They will cook: zeelay m-bash-lee (yen) bid m-bash-lee

Lesson 19: To Say ܐܝܼܡܲܪ (Future), To Eat ܐܝܼܟܵܠ (Past, Past Perfect/Imperfect, Present, Progressive, Future)

VERB: TO SAY
ROOT: imar (ܐܝܼܡܲܪ)
TENSE: FUTURE

I will say: b-amrin (yen) bid amrin
I will say: ze amrin (yen) zeelin amrin

You (m) will say: b/bid amrit (yen) ze/zeelit amrit
You (f) will say: b/bid amrat (yen) ze/zeelat amrat

He will say: b/bid amir (yen) ze/zeelih amir
She will say: b/bid amra (yen) ze/zeelah amra

We will say: b/bid amrookh (yen) ze/zee-wookh amrookh
Ye/Y'all will say: b/bid amrootoon (yen) ze/zee-wotoon amrootoon
They will say: b/bid amry (yen) ze/zeelay amry

______________________________________
VERB: TO EAT
ROOT: ikhal (ܐܝܼܟܵܠ)
TENSE: PAST/PRETERITE

I ate: khil-ly

You (m) ate: khil-lookh
You (f) ate: khil-lakh

He ate: khil-lih
She ate: khil-lah

We ate: khil-lan
Ye/Y'all ate: khil-lokhoon
They ate: khil-lay
______________________________________
VERB: TO EAT
ROOT: ikhal (ܐܝܼܟܵܠ)
TENSE: PROGRESSIVE

I am eating: ee-win bee-khā-la (yen) bee-khā-lay-win

You (m) are eating: ee-wit bee-khā-la (yen) bee-khā-lay-wit
You (f) are eating: ee-wat bee-khā-la (yen) bee-khā-lay-wat

He is eating: ee-lih bee-khā-la (yen) bee-khā-lay-lih
She is eating: ee-lah bee-khā-la (yen) bee-khā-la-lah

We are eating: ee-wookh bee-khā-la (yen) bee-khā-lay-wookh
Ye/Y'all are eating: ee-wotoon bee-khā-la (yen) bee-khā-lay-wotoon
They are eating: ee-lay bee-khā-la (yen) bee-khā-lay-lay

______________________________________
VERB: TO EAT
ROOT: ikhal (ܐܝܼܟܵܠ)
TENSE: IMPERFECT (PAST PERFECT)

I (m) was eating: win-wa bee-khā-la
I (f) was eating: wan-wa bee-khā-la

You (m) were eating: wit-wa bee-khā-la
You (f) were eating: wat-wa bee-khā-la

He was eating: We-wa bee-khā-la
She was eating: Wa-wa bee-khā-la

We were eating: Wookh-wa bee-khā-la
Ye/Y'all were eating: Wotoon-wa bee-khā-la
They were eating: Wa-wa bee-khā-la

______________________________________
VERB: TO EAT
ROOT: ikhal (ܐܝܼܟܵܠ)
TENSE: PRESENT

I (m) eat: k-akh-lin
I (f) eat: k-akh-lan

You (m) eat: k-akh-lit
You (f) eat: k-akh-lat

He eats: k-akh-il
She eats: k-akh-la

We eat: k-akh-lookh
Ye/Y'all eat: k-akh-lootoon
They eat: k-akh-ly
______________________________________
VERB: TO EAT
ROOT: ikhal (ܐܝܼܟܵܠ)
TENSE: FUTURE

I will eat: b-akhlin (yen) zeelin akhlin (yen) ze akhlin

You (m) will eat: b-akhlit (yen) zeelit akhlit (yen) ze akhlit
You (f) will eat: b-akhlat (yen) zeelat akhlat (yen) ze akhlat

She will eat: b-akhil (yen) zeelih akhil (yen) ze akhil
He will eat: b-akhla (yen) zeelah akhla (yen) ze akhla

We will eat sushi: b-akhlookh sushi (yen) zeewookh akhlookh sushi (yen) ze akhlookh sushi
Ye/Y'all will eat: b-akhlootoon (yen) zeewotoon akhlootoon (yen) ze akhlootun
They will eat: b-akhlee (yen) zeelay akhlee (yen) ze akhlee

Lesson 18 - To Enjoy ܥܛܼܒ (Past), To Like ܒܥ (Present/Past), To Say ܐܝܼܡܲܪ (Progressive)

VERB: TO ENJOY
TENSE: PAST
ROOT: ' J B (ܥܛܼܒ)

I liked: 'aj-bin-wa

You (m) liked: 'aj-bit-wa
You (f) liked: 'aj-bat-wa

He liked: 'a-jib-wa
She liked: 'aj-ba-wa

We liked: 'aj-bookh-wa
Ye/Y'all liked: 'aj-bootoon-wa
They liked: 'aj-bee-wa

____________________________________

VERB: TO SAY
TENSE: PROGRESSIVE
ROOT: imar (ܐܝܼܡܲܪ)

I am saying: eewin bee-māra (yen) bee-māra-ywin

You (m) are saying: eewit bee-māra (yen) bee-māra-ywit
You (f) are saying: eewat bee-māra (yen) bee-māra-ywat

He is saying: eelih bee-māra (yen) bee-māray-lih
She is saying: eelah bee-māra (yen) bee-māray-lah

We are saying: eewookh bee-māra (yen) bee-māra-ywookh
Ye/Y'all are saying: eewotoon bee-māra (yen) bee-māra-ywotoon
They are saying: eelay bee-māra (yen) bee-māray-lay

____________________________________

VERB: TO LIKE
TENSE: PAST
ROOT: b'a (ܒܥܐ)

I liked: b'e-ly

You (m) liked: b'e-lukh
You (f) liked: b'e-lakh

He liked: b'e-lih
She liked: b'e-lah

We liked: b'e-lan
Ye/Y'all liked: b'e-lokhoon
They liked: b'e-lay

____________________________________

VERB: TO LIKE
TENSE: PRESENT
ROOT: b'a (ܒܥܐ)

I like: k-ba'in

You (m) like: k-ba'it
You (f) like: k-ba'at

He likes: k-ba'e
She likes: k-ba'a

We like: k-ba'ukh
Ye/Y'all like: k-ba'otoon
They like: k-ba'aa

Lesson 17 (To leave ܫܘܵܩܲܐ, To Take It Out ܟܸܡ ܦܲܠܬ, To Enjoy ܥܛܼܒ) *Present

VERB: TO LEAVE
ROOT: SHWAQA (ܫܘܵܩܲܐ)
TENSE: PRESENT

I leave: k-shaw-qin

You (m) leave: k-shaw-qit
You (f) leave: k-shaw-qat

He leaves: k-shaw-iq
She leaves: k-shaw-qa

We leave: k-shaw-qookh
Ye/Y'all leave: k-shaw-qootoon
They leave: k-shaw-qee

___________________________________

VERB: TO TAKE IT OUT
ROOT: KIM PALT (ܟܸܡ ܦܲܠܬ)
TENSE: PRESENT

I take it out: kim paltin

You (m) take it out: kim paltit
You (f) take it out: kim paltat

He takes it out: kim palit
She takes it out: kim palta

We take it out: kim paltookh
Ye/Y'all take it out: kim paltootoon
They take it out: kim peltee

Ex: kim palit-lih min pau-qee (he takes it out from my nose)
This is an idiomatic expression akin to "He put me through the ringer"
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VERB: TO ENJOY
ROOT: ' J B (bastardized Arabic) (ܥܛܼܒ)
TENSE: PRESENT

I enjoy: k-'aj-bin

You (m) enjoy: k-'aj-bit
You (f) enjoy: k-'aj-bat

He enjoys: k-'a-jib
She enjoys: k-'aj-ba

We enjoy: k-'aj-bookh
Ye/Y'all like: k-'aj-bootoon
They enjoy: k-'aj-bee

** Note: ’a is used to denote a sound which is not used in the English language. The sound comes from deep within the throat. An example of two words that use the ‘a are: ‘at-oo (Last Name), or ‘amba.

Lesson 16: To Say ܐܝܼܡܲܪ (Past, Present), To Come ܐܸܬܼܸܿܐ (Future)

VERB: TO SAY
TENSE: PAST (PRETERITE)
ROOT: IMAR (ܐܝܼܡܲܪ)

I said: mer-y

You (m) said: mer-ookh
You (f) said: mer-akh

He said: mer-ih
She said: mer-ah

We said: mer-an
Ye/Y'all said: mer-okhoon
They said: mer-ay

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VERB: TO SAY
TENSE: PRESENT
ROOT: IMAR (ܐܝܼܡܲܪ)

I say: k-amrin

You (m) say: k-amrit
You (f) say: k-amrat

He says: k-āmir
She says: k-amra

We say: k-amrukh
Ye/Y'all say: k-amrutun
They say: k-amree

You say yes
I say no
You stay stop
And I say go, go, go...
Oh, no!
You say 'good bye'
And I say 'hello'...

- The Beatles

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VERB: TO COME
TENSE: FUTURE
ROOT: ITHA (ܐܸܬܼܸܿܐ)

I will come: āna bid/zee athin

You (m) will come: āyit bid/zee athit
You (f) will come: āyat bid/zee athat

He will come: āwo bid/zee athi
She will come: āwa bid/zee athya

We will come: ākhny bid/zee athookh
Ye/Y'all will come: ākhto(n) bid/zee athoton
They will come: ānay bid/zee atha

Lesson 15 (To Speak/Talk ܡܲܚܟܘܿܝܸܐ - progressive, future), To Leave ܫܘܵܩܲܐ (past, imperative)

VERB: TO SPEAK/TO TALK
ROOT: ma ḥ-koyi (ܡܲܚܟܘܿܝܸܐ)
TENSE: PROGRESSIVE

**Note** the ḥ is pronounced as a hard, guttoral h. Almost like the kh sound.

I (m) am speaking: ee-win ma ḥ-ko-yi (yen) ma ḥ-ko-ye-win
I (f) am talking: ee-wan ma ḥ-ko-yi (yen) ma ḥ-ko-ye-wan

You (m) are speaking: ee-wit ma ḥ-ko-yi (yen) ma ḥ-ko-ye-wit
You (f) are talking: ee-wat ma ḥ-ko-yi (yen) ma ḥ-ko-ye-wat

He is speaking: ee-lih ma ḥ-ko-yi (yen) ma ḥ-ko-ye-lih
She is talking: ee-lah ma ḥ-ko-yi (yen) ma ḥ-ko-ye-lah

We are speaking: ee-wukh ma ḥ-ko-yi (yen) ma ḥ-ko-ye-wukh
Ye/Y'all are talking: ee-wotun ma ḥ-ko-yi (yen) ma ḥ-ko-ye-wotun
They are speaking: ee-lay ma ḥ-koyi (yen) ma ḥ-ko-ye-lay

Note: This tense is actually the verb "to be" conjugated along with the infinitive for "to speak". "You are + to talk = you talk" This is slightly different from English or Spanish, where progressive words have different endings than infinitive forms.

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VERB: TO SPEAK/TO TALK
ROOT: ma ḥ-koyi (ܡܲܚܟܘܿܝܸܐ)
TENSE: FUTURE

I will speak: zee-win ma ḥ-kin (yen) zee ma ḥ-kin (yen) bid ma ḥ-kin
I will talk: zee-win ma ḥ-kin (yen) zee ma ḥ-kin (yen) bid ma ḥ-kin

You (m) will speak: zee-wit ma ḥ-kit (yen) zee ma ḥ-kit (yen) bid ma ḥ-kit
You (f) will talk: zee-wat ma ḥ-kat (yen) zee ma ḥ-kat (yen) bid ma ḥ-kat

He will speak: zee-lih ma ḥ-ki (yen) zee ma ḥ-ki (yen) bid ma ḥ-ki
She will talk: zee-lah ma ḥ-ka (yen) zee ma ḥ-ka (yen) bid ma ḥ-ka

We will speak: zee-wukh ma ḥ-kukh (yen) zee ma ḥ-kukh (yen) bid ma ḥ-kukh
Ye/Y'all will talk: zee-wotun ma ḥ-kutun (yen) zee ma ḥ-kutun (yen) bid ma ḥ-kutun
They will speak: zee-lay ma ḥ-kay (yen) zee ma ḥ-kay (yen) bid ma ḥ-kay

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VERB: TO LEAVE
ROOT: shwaqa (ܫܘܵܩܲܐ)
TENSE: PAST

I left: shwiq-lee

You (m) left: shwiq-lookh
You (f) left: shwiq-lakh

He left: shwiq-lih
She left: shwiq-lah

We left: shwiq-lan
Ye/Y'all left: shwiq-lokhun
They left: shwiq-lay

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VERB: TO LEAVE
ROOT: shwaqa (ܫܘܵܩܲܐ)
TENSE: IMPERATIVE

1st person (singular)
LEAVE!! - SHWOQ!!

1st person (plural)
LEAVE!! - SHWUQU!!

Lesson 14 (To Speak/Talk ܡܲܚܟܘܿܝܸܐ, To Come ܐܸܬܼܸܿܐ - Past & Present)

In this lesson we are going to learn some very useful verbs. Enjoy!

VERB: To Speak/Talk
ROOT: ma ḥ-koyi (ܡܲܚܟܘܿܝܸܐ)
TENSE: Past
**Note** the ḥ is pronounced as a hard, guttoral h. Almost like the kh sound.
I spoke: mu ḥ-ke-ly
I talked: mu ḥ-ke-ly

You (m) spoke: mu ḥ-ke-lookh
You (f) talked: mu ḥ-ke-lakh

He spoke: mu ḥ-ke-lih
She talked: mu ḥ-ke-lah

We spoke: mu ḥ-ke-lan
Ye/Y'all spoke: mu ḥ-ke-lokhun
They spoke: mu ḥ-ke-lay
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VERB: To Speak/TalkROOT: ma ḥ-koyi (ܡܲܚܟܘܿܝܸܐ)
TENSE: Present
I (m) speak: k-ma ḥ-kin
I (f) talk: k-ma ḥ-kan

You (m) talk: k-ma ḥ-kit
You (f) speak: k-ma ḥ-kat

He talks: k-ma ḥ-ki
She speaks: k-ma ḥ-ka

We talk: k-ma ḥ-kukh
Ye/Y'all speak: k-ma ḥ-kutun
They talk: k-ma ḥ-kay
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VERB: TO COME
ROOT: itha (ܐܸܬܼܸܿܐ)
TENSE: PAST
I came: thae-ly

You (m) came: thae-lookh
You (f) came: thae-lakh

He came: thae-lih
She came: thae-lah

We came: thae-lan
Ye/Y'all came: thae-lokhun
They came: thae-lay

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VERB: TO COME
ROOT: itha (ܐܸܬܼܸܿܐ)
TENSE: PRESENT
I come: k-athin

You (m) come: k-athit
You (f) come: k-athyat

He comes: k-athe
She comes: k-athya

We come: k-athookh
Ye/Y'all come: k-athotun
They come: k-atha

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These verbs are extremely useful in every day speech!
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Lesson 13 (To become aware ܪܥܸܫ future/imperative & To Know ܝܕܥ future tense)

VERB: TO BECOME AWARE (& TO AWAKEN)
VERB TENSE: FUTURE
ROOT: r'ish (ܪܥܸܫ)

(Note: Add "m-shintha" or "min shintha" to the end of this verb to change and the meaning changes becomes "to wake up")

I will become aware: bid-ra'-shin (yen) zee-ra'shin
I will wake up: bid-ra'-shin m-shintha (yen) zee-ra'shin min shintha

You (m) will become aware: bid-ra'-shit (yen) zee-ra'-shit
You (f) will awaken: bid-ra'-shat min shintha (yen) zee-ra'-shat m-shintha

He will become aware: bid-ra'-ish (yen) zee-ra'-ish
She will wake up: bid-ra'-sha m-shintha (yen) zee-ra'-sha min shintha

We will become aware: bid-ra'-shukh (yen) zee-ra'-shukh
Ye/Y'all will awaken: bid-ra'shutun min shintha (yen) zee-ra'shutun m-shintha
They will wake up: bid-ra'shee (yen) zee-ra'shee

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VERB: TO BECOME AWARE (& TO AWAKEN)
VERB TENSE: IMPERATIVE
ROOT: r'ish (ܪܥܸܫ)

(Note: Add "m-shintha" or "min shintha" to the end of this verb to change and the meaning changes becomes "to wake up")

1st Person:
Become Aware!: r'osh!
Wake Up!: r'osh m-shintha!

3rd Person:
Become Aware!: r'ushu!

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VERB: TO KNOW
VERB TENSE: FUTURE
VERB ROOT: yda' (ܝܕܥ)

(Note: In the future tense, the words can be preceded with the following prefies: bid-, zeen-, zee-, or b-)

I will know: bid-eydhin (yen) zeen-eydhin

You (m) will know: b-yedhit (yen) zeewit-yedhit
You (f) will know: b-yedhat (yen) zeewat-yedhat

He will know: bid-yadheh (yen) zeelih-yadheh
She will know: bid-yadhah (yen) zeelah-yadhah

We will know: b-edhukh (yen) zeewukh-edhukh
Ye will know: b-edhutun (yen) zeewotun-edhutun
They will know: b-yedhy (yen) zeelay-edhy

Lesson 12: Get Up! ܩܲܡ (Imerative), To ܪܥܸܫ Become Aware(/To Wake Up) Past & Present Tense

VERB: TO GET UP/ TO STAND UP/ TO ARISE
ROOT: qam (ܩܲܡ)
TENSE: IMPERATIVE

(1st person)
GET UP! - qu!

(2nd person)
STAND UP! - qum!

(3rd person)
ARISE! - qumu!

Note: For information on first person vs. second person vs. third person, see the article on Grammatical Person at Wikipedia

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VERB NAME: TO BECOME AWARE (& TO AWAKEN)
TENSE: PAST
ROOT: r'ish (ܪܥܸܫ)

Note: Similar to the verb qam (to get up/stand up), if you add min shintha or m-shintha to the end of this verb, the meaning changes to the verb 'to wake up'.

I became aware: r'ish-lee
I awoke: r'ish-lee min shintha

You (m) became aware: r'ish-lukh
You (f) awoke: r'ish-lakh m-shintha

He became aware: r'ish-lih
She awoke: r'ish-lah min shintha

We became aware: r'ish-lan
Ye/Y'all awoke: r'ish-lokhun m-shintha
They became aware: r'ish-lay

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VERB NAME: TO BECOME AWARE (& TO AWAKEN)
TENSE: PRESENT
ROOT: r'ish (ܪܥܸܫ)

I become aware: k-ra'shin
I awaken: k-ra'shin min shintha

You (m) become aware: k-ra'shit
You (f) become aware: k-ra'shat

He wakes up: k-ra'ish m-shintha
She becomes aware: k-ra'sha

We become aware: k-ra'shukh
Ye become aware: k-ra'shutun
They wake up: k-ra'shee min shintha

Lesson 11: ܩܲܡ To Get Up/Stand Up/Arise/Wake Up (Present, Future)

Get up, stand up: stand up for your rights!
Get up, stand up: don't give up the fight!

- Bob Marley

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VERB: TO GET UP/ TO STAND UP/ TO ARISE
ROOT: qam (ܩܲܡ)
TENSE: PRESENT

I get up: k-qay-min
I stand up: k-qay-min

You (m) arise: k-qay-mit
You (f) get up: k-qay-mat

He stands up: k-qa-yim
She gets up: k-qay-ma

We arise: k-qay-mukh
Ye stand up: k-qay-mutun
They get up: k-qay-mee

Note: As aforementioned in Lesson 10, If you add “min shintha” (or, shortened, “m-shintha”) as a suffix on this conjugation, the verb becomes “to wake up”, or “to get up/arise from sleep”

Examples:
I wake up every morning at 9 o'clock: shaeth'd tish'aa mqoshqa āna k-qaymin min shintha kod yoma
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VERB: TO GET UP/ TO STAND UP/ TO ARISE
ROOT: qam (ܩܲܡ)
TENSE: FUTURE

I will get up: bid-qay-min (yen) zee-qay-min
I will stand up: bid-qay-min (yen) zee-qay-min

You (m) will arise: bid-qay-mit (yen) zee-qay-mit
You (f) will wake up: bid-qay-mat min shintha (yen) zee-qay-mat m-shintha

He will stand up: bid-qa-yim (yen) zee-qa-yim
She will arise: bid-qay-ma (yen) zee-qay-ma

We will get up: bid-qay-mukh (yen) zee-qay-mukh
Ye will get up: bid-qay-mutun (yen) zee-qay-mutun
They will arise: bid-qay-mee (yen) zee-qay-mee

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Lesson 10: To Go ܐܸܙܲܠ (Present Subjunctive), To Make/Do ܥܘܲܕܼ (Future), To arise/get up/stand up/wake up ܩܲܡ (Past)

Taken from Wikipedia:

In grammar, the subjunctive mood is a verb mood that exists in many languages. It typically expresses wishes, commands (in subordinate clauses), emotion, possibility, judgment, necessity, and statements that are contrary to fact at present.

For more details, see The Subjunctive Mood (Wikipedia)

VERB: TO GO
ROOT: izzal (ܐܸܙܲܠ)
TENSE: PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE

I might go - shud zāl-ee
I should go - shud zāl-ee

You (m) may go - shud zāl-ookh
You (f) should go - shud zāl-akh

He might go - shud zāl-eh
She should go - shud zāl-ah

We may go - shud zāl-an
Ye/Y’all might go - shud zalo-tun
They should go - shud zal-ay

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VERB: TO MAKE/DO
ROOT: ‘wadh (ܥܘܲܕܼ)
TENSE: FUTURE

I will make - zeelin āw-dhin (yen) āna bid āw-dhin
I will do - zeelin āw-dhin (yen) āna bid āw-dhin

You (m) will make - zeelit āw-dhit (yen) āyit bid āw-dhit
You (f) will do - zee-lat āw-dhat (yen) āyat bid āw-dhat

He will make - zeelih āw-idh (yen) āwa bid āwidh
She will do - zee-lah āw-dhah (yen) āya bid aā-dhah

We will make - zee-wookh āw-dhukh (yen) akhny bid aā-dhukh
Ye/Y’all will do - zee-wotoon āw-dhutun (yen) Akhtun bid āw-dhutun
They will make/do - zee-lay āw-dhy (yen) anay bid āw-dhy

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VERB: TO GET UP/ TO STAND UP/ TO ARISE
ROOT: qam (ܩܲܡ)
TENSE: PAST

I got up - qim-lee
I stood up - qim-lee

You (m) arose - qim-lookh
You (f) got up - qim-lakh

He stood up - qim-lih
She arose - qim-lah

We got up - qim-lan
Ye/Y’all stood up - qim-lokhun
They arose - qim-lay

Note: If you add “min shintha” (or, shortened, “m-shintha”) as a suffix on this conjugation, the verb becomes “to wake up”, or “to get up/arise from sleep”

Examples:
I woke up - qim-lee min shintha
She arose from sleep - qim-lah m-shintha
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Lesson 8, “To Have” ܐܝܼܬܼ (Past, Present Conjugations + Future[Lesson #31])

VERB - TO HAVE
TENSE - PRETERITE
VERB ROOT - EETH (ܐܝܼܬܼ)
INF - IYT-LY

[SINGULAR]
I had: āna ith-wā-lee

You (m) had: āyit ith-wā-lookh
You (f) had: āyat ith-wā-lakh

He had: āwo ith-wā-lih
She had: āy(a) ith-wā-lah

[PLURAL]
We had: akh-nee ith-wā-lan
Y’all/Ye had: akhto(n) ith-wā-lokhoon
They had: an-ee ith-wā-laey

Ex: I had one coconut - āna ith-wā-lee kha joez-narghila
________________________________
VERB - TO HAVE
TENSE - PRESENT
VERB ROOT - EETH (ܐܝܼܬܼ)
INF - IYT-LY

[SINGULAR]
I have: āna it-tee
I do not have: āna Lit-tee

You (m) have: āyit it-tookh
You do not have: āyit Lit-tookh
You (f) have: āyat it-takh

He has: āwo it-tih
She has: āy(a) it-tah

We have: akh-nee it-tan
Ye/Y’all have: akhto(n) it-tokhoon
They have: an-ee it-tay

Ex:
1. We have a huge dog in our back yard - ākhny it-tan kalba rāba d' hadi-qit-tan
2. You have two brothers - āyit it-tookh trae akhwatha (yen akhonwatha)
3. He has an appointment with his doctor - āwo it-tih tfaqta im-id daktor dy-yae
4. She has a nice body - āya it-tah khosh gooshma

Note:
To form the negative, simply place the L sound in front of the conjugated verb, as seen above.

Lah = No

Example:

She has: āy(a) it-tah
She does not have: āy(a) + La + it-tah forms a contraction (just as in English with She has and She hasn't) and becomes āy(a) Lit-tah.

________________________________
VERB - TO HAVE
TENSE - FUTURE
VERB ROOT - EETH (ܐܝܼܬܼ)
INF - IYT-LY

[SINGULAR]
I will have: āna bid-hāwe-lee

You (m) will have: āyit b-hāwe-lookh
You (f) will have: āyat bid-hāwe-lākh

He will have: āwo b-hāwe-lih
She will have: āy(a) bid-hāwe-lāh

We will have: akh-nee b-hāwe-lan
Ye/Y'all will have: akhto(n) bid-hāwe-lokhoon
They will have: an-ay b-hāwe-lāy
________________________________________

You (m) have: āyit it-tookh
You do not have: āyit Lit-tookh
You (f) have: āyat it-takh

He has: āwo it-tih
She has: āy(a) it-tah

We have: akh-nee it-tan
Ye/Y’all have: akhto(n) it-tokhoon
They have: an-ee it-tay

Ex:
1. We have a huge dog in our back yard - ākhny it-tan kalba rāba d' hadi-qit-tan
2. You have two brothers - āyit it-tookh trae akhwatha (yen akhonwatha)
3. He has an appointment with his doctor - āwo it-tih tfaqta im-id daktor dy-yae
4. She has a nice body - āya it-tah khosh gooshma

Note:
To form the negative, simply place the L sound in front of the conjugated verb, as seen above.

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RANDOM VOCABULARY WORD OF THIS LESSON
Pickled Turnips - shorigmih

Lesson 9: Vocabulary from the neck up

Vocabulary

Today we are going to focus on vocabulary relating to the human body from the neck, up.

Head - resha

Hair - kosih

Ear - nātha
Ears - nathyātha

Eye - aena
Eyes - aenih

Eye Brows - bigweene
Eye Brow(s)-  gwyeena (gnywih) d'a'ynih

From "The First English-Chaldean Dictionary" by S. David (1924)

Sideburns - (currently unknown)

Nose - poqa

Beard - daqna

Mouth - kimma

Tooth - kāka
Teeth - kākih

Tongue - looshāna

Face - pātha

Lips - siptha (plural: sipwātha)

Neck - pāqartha
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Surath Lesson 7: To know ܝܕܥ (present, past)

VERB: TO KNOW
TENSE: PRESENT
ROOT: yda’ (ܝܕܥ)

I know: k-ydhin

You (m) know: k-ydhit
You (f) know: k-yedhat

He knows: k-yadhe
She knows: k-yatha (yen) keydha

We know: k-aydhukh (yen) k-yadhukh
Ye/Y’all know: k-aydhutun (yen) k-yadhutun
They know: k-yadhy (yen) keydhy

Ex: “I don’t know” - Lah k-ydhin
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VERB: TO KNOW
TENSE: PRETERITE
ROOT: yda’ (ܝܕܥ)

I knew: y-dhe-lee

You (m) knew: y-dhe-lookh
You (f) knew: y-dhe-lakh

He knew: y-dhe-lih
She knew: y-dhe-lah

We knew: y-dhe-lan
Ye/Y’all knew: y-dhe-lokhun
They knew: y-dhe-lay

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Lesson 5: Questions, numbers 5-10, To do (present)

OK, so we are learning the building blocks for a language. The following verbs have been covered in the last four lessons:

TO BE (ܗܘܐ)
Past, Present, and Future

TO GO (ܐܸܙܲܠ)
Past, Present, Future, and Progressive

TO MAKE/DO (ܥܘܲܕܼ)
Progressive


We have also learned the following:
• Numbers (1-5)
• School Vocabulary
• Negatives and Questions

Let’s begin Lesson 5 with Questions, which are important when learning any language.

In English, the common phrase is “Who, what, where, when, why, and how?”

We’ll begin with these, plus a couple more:

QUESTIONS (INTERROGATIVES)
Who? - mā-nee?
Whose?  d'mā-nee?
What? - ma-ha? (Only when "what" stands alone)
What/How? - mā**
What For?  - tā ma-ha?
What is it?  - meelih?
Where? - eae-ka? (yen) kaela?*
From Where? - min d'aeykā?
From Here  -  min d'ākha
When? - ee-mahn?
Why? - qay?
Which?  - aey-mā?
Which one of them?  -  aeymā  minnaey?
What For? - ta-ma-ha?
How? - dikh?


How many? - (oo)kma?
How much? - mā-qa?
How often?  - kod māqā?
Isn't he?  -   laelih?
Isn't she?  -  laelah?
Aren't they?  -  laelay?

Note: the Q sound in surath is not the same as the Q sound in English. It is a hard sound that comes from the throat, as in the words shwiq-lukh (you left) or qee-dha (burnt)
________________
* I’m still not quite sure what the difference is between eae-ka and Kaela

** mā = closer to “how” than to “what” though it can mean both. Not quite sure what situations call for mā and what situations call for ma-ha
________________

NUMBERS - PART TWO

Hopefully you recall numbers 0-5 in both masculine and feminine forms. Now we are going to learn 5-10.

** Remember: It is not the speaker, but the OBJECT, that determines whether masculine and feminine numerals are used.

** Note: ’a is used to denote a sound which is not used in the English language. The sound comes from deep within the throat. An example of two words that use the ‘a are: ‘at-oo (Last Name), or ‘amba.

FEMININE NUMERALS
6 - ishit
7 - eash-waa
8 - tmanae
9 - tesha
10 - esar

MASCULINE NUMERALS
6 - ishta
7 - shoa’a
8 - tmanya
9 - tish’a
10 - esra

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VERB: TO DO
ROOT: ‘wadh (ܥܘܲܕܼ)
TENSE: PRESENT

I make/do - āna k-aw-dhin

You (m) make/do - āyit k-aw-dhit
You (f) do/make - āyat k-aw-dhat

He makes/does - āwo k-aw-idh
She does/makes - āya k-aw-dhah

We make/do - akhny k-aw-dhukh
Ye/Yall do/make - akhtu(n) k-aw-dhutu(n)
They make/do - anay k-aw-dhy
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Surath Lesson 4: To go (progressive), to make/to do conjugations

As is the case in Spanish and in English, when using the progressive tense, we combine the present form of the verb ‘to be’ with the progressive of the verb that is taking place in real time.

Note: A shortened form of the conjugated verb ‘to be’ can be attached to the end of the verb ‘to go’, which results in two different ways to say the progressive ‘to go’.
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VERB: TO GO
ROOT: izzal (ܐܸܙܲܠ)
TENSE: PROGRESSIVE

I (m) am going - ee-win bee-zāla (yen) bee-zāl-aywin
I (f) am going - ee-wen bee-zāla (yen) bee-zāl-ay-wen

You (m) are going - ee-wit bee-zāla (yen) bee-zāl-ay-wit
You (f) are going - ee-wat bee-zāla (yen) bee-zāla-wat

He is going - ee-lih bee-zāla (yen) bee-zāl-ay-lih
She is going - ee-lah bee-zāla (yen) bee-zāl-ay-lah

We are going - ee-wukh bee-zāla (yen) bee-zāl-ay-wukh
Ye/Yall are going - ee-wo-tun bee-zāla (yen) bee-zāl-ay-wukh
They are going - ee-lay bee-zāla (yen) bee-zāl-aly-lay

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This next verb, ‘to make/do’, is similar to the verb hacer in Spanish, which means both to make and to do. In English, of course, these are separate verbs

VERB: TO MAKE/ TO DO
ROOT: ‘wadh (ܥܘܲܕܼ)
TENSE: PROGRESSIVE

I (m) am making/doing - ee-win bee-wādha (yen) bee-wādhay-win
I (f) am doing/making - ee-wan bee-wādha (yen) bee-wādhay-wen

You (m) are making/doing - ee-wit bee-wādha (yen) bee-wādhay-wit
You (f) are doing/making - ee-wat bee-wādha (yen) bee-wādhay-wat

He is making/doing - ee-lih bee-wādha (yen) bee-wādhay-lih
She is doing/making - ee-lah bee-wādha (yen) bee-wādhay-lah

We are making/doing - ee-wukh bee-wādha (yen) bee-wadhay-wukh
Ye/Yall doing/making - ee-wo-tun bee-wādha (yen) bee-wādhay-wotun
They are making/doing - ee-lay bee-wādha (yen) bee-wādhay-lay

Note: The verb root in the progressive tense does not change in the first person, second person, masculine, feminine, or plural conjugations. Only the article before or after the verb changes. This is the same behaviour as English progressive verbs.

In spanish, this is referred to ir + a + infinitive. The verb ‘to be’ is conjugated in the present tense, but in Surath, the infinitive of the verb is not used. Generally, a prefix of ‘bee’ is added onto the verb’s root, and sometimes a vowel added onto the end of the root, thus creating the progressive tense.

So, in Surath, to make a regular verb progressive, you want to use the following formula:

[hwa (conjugated in the present tense)] + [bee]+[infinitive]a

Hopefully that makes some sense to the readers.

Lesson 3: To Go (future, past), intro to numbers, negatives and questions

Lesson 3: To Go (future, past), intro to numbers, negatives and questions

Review:
Lesson 1

· Personal Pronouns
· To Be (Present, Past Tenses)
· School related words

Lesson 2
· To Be (Future Tense)
· To Go (Present Tense)

Lesson 3
· To Go (Future Tense)
· To Go (Past Tense)
· Numbers in Surath, Part 1
· Negatives and Questions

BEGIN LESSON 3

Note: We will begin this lesson by introducing a simple word, ‘OR’. In English, the word ‘or’ is used quite often, to differentiate between this or that. In Surath, the translation of the word ‘or’ is ‘yen’. So, if you see the word yen written anywhere, you will know what it means.

Preliminary Notes:
The capital letter T will be used to signify the sound TD’ (not used in the English language), which is used in words such as Tura (mountain), TawAtha (as in, psheyna b’TawAtha), or T-eema (as in mar-T-eema). To pronounce this letter, press the middle of the tongue against the roof of the mouth a little farther back than the teeth. This is not your standard T sound. It is cushioned, sort of like a cross between T and D.

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VERB: TO GO
ROOT: izzal (ܐܸܙܲܠ)
TENSE: FUTURE

I will go - āna bid zāl-ee (yen) āna b-zāl-ee
(Note: the word ‘bid’ is often shortened to simply ‘b’, which would change ‘āna bid zāl-ee’ to ‘āna b-zāl-ee’)

You (m) will go - āyit bid zāl-ukh (yen) āyit b-zāl-ukh
You (f) will go - āyat bid zāl-akh (yen) āyit b-zāl-akh

He will go - āwo bid zāl-eh (yen) āwo b-zāl-eh
She will go - āyee bid zāl-ah (yen) āya b-zāl-ah

We will go - akhny bid zāl-an (yen) akhny b-zāl-an
Ye/Yall will go - akhtun bid zalotun (yen) akhtun b-zal-otun
They will go - anee bid zāl-ay (yen) anay b-zāl-ay

Note: You may recall from Lesson #2 that the present tense of the verb ‘To Go’ (izzal) is conjugated in a very similar fashion. Note how similar the present tense is to the shortened version of the future tense:

Example:
I go - āna k-zāl-ee
I will go - āna b-zāl-ee (or) āna bid-zāl-ee

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VERB: TO GO
ROOT: izzal (ܐܸܙܲܠ)
TENSE: PAST

I went - zil-ly

You (m) went - zil-lukh
You (f) went - zil-lakh

He went - zil-leh
She went - zil-lah

We went - zil-lan
Ye/Yall went - zil-lokhun
They went - zil-lay

Note: Notice that the personal pronouns were omitted with this conjugation. The reason for this is that you should have the words I, he, she, you, y’all, and they memorized. A secondary reason for this is that, unlike English but very similar to Spanish and many other languages, the conjugation of the verb in Surath implies which pronoun should be used.

COMPARISON AND CONTRAST
In English, the same verb is used for I, you, he, she, and they, which makes the personal pronoun incredibly important to the meaning of the verb when used in a sentence:

I went
She went
They went
We went

Whereas in Spanish, the verb changes as it is conjugated, so the pronoun can be omitted:

I went - fui
He went - fue
They went - fueron
We went - fuimos

I believe that most languages are conjugated more similarly to Surath (or Spanish) than English. English is a highly irregular language.

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NUMBERS IN SURATH: PART ONE

Note: I have researched the number ‘zero’ in surath by asking dozens of people how to translate this. I received a few different answers. The rest of the numbers are far less controversial than zero.

Zero - Sipr

(Note: the word Zero in Arabic is sifr)

Some might just translate zero as ‘chu mindy’, but chu-mindy really translates to ‘nothing’, not ‘zero’

Note: Numerals in Surath have both masculine and feminine translations

FEMININE NUMERALS
0 - sipr
1 - khdhā
2 - tit-ae
3 - Telath (Remember what we said about the T sound earlier!)
4 - arbae
5 - khamish

MASCULINE NUMERALS (*click below to listen to sounds!)
0 - sipr
1 - khā
2 - trae
3 - tlatha
4 - arba
5 - khamsha

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NEGATIVES AND QUESTIONS

1. Negatives

This is just a grammatical note: If you take a verb that we have already learned, such as ‘I am’ (Ana ee-win), and make a negative statement out of it, you must place the word ‘lea’ (no/not) before the verb in a sentence.

Example:
I am a father - āna ee-win bāba
I am a mother - āna ee-wan yimma

I am not a father - āna lea-win bāba (lea + eewin = leawin)
I am not a mother - āna lea-wan yimma

2. Questions
If you want to form a question, place the verb BEFORE the subject.

Example:
Am I (m) a teacher? - ee-win āna malpāna?
Am I a daughter? - ee-wan āna brāta?
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This concludes Lesson #3